The Total Probability rule is similar to the addition rule but deals with the combination of conditional probabilities to create the entire probability of an event occurring. $$PV\quad Perpetuity=\frac { C }{ r }$$ CFA® and Chartered Financial Analyst® are registered trademarks owned by CFA Institute. Either of these conditions would be referred to as the distribution having “fat” tails. One policy that could be employed is helicopter money—a kind of permanent quantitative easing that can take many forms, including tax rebates or electronic transfers into bank accounts. $$A=an\quad event\quad known\quad to\quad have\quad occurred$$ A similar issue that you’ll have to deal with involves ongoing cash flows such as annuities and perpetuities. Since the probability of both events happening is less than the odds of either one individually, the joint probability will always be lower than either input. Click here to access 40 hours of video lectures. Don’t forget to input the interest amount in decimals, so that 5% is entered as 0.05. Another important formula related to the previous metrics is the Sharpe Ratio. Year\quad 1 & Year\quad 2 & Year\quad 3 & Mean \\ Negative yields, helicopter money—what will central banks try next? Without the Fed soaking up trillions in Treasuries, the glut of bonds on the market would crash the price and push interest rates up – something the Federal Reserve cannot allow to happen. Your calculator has built-in functionality for PV and FV equations using the row of buttons labeled “N’, “I/Y”, “PV”, “PMT”, and “FV”. 1. The test statistic for the hypothesis testis is calculated as follows: $$Test\quad statistic=\frac { Sample\quad statistic-Hypothesized\quad value }{ Standard\quad error\quad of\quad the\quad sample\quad statistic }$$. Most of these involve determining the probability of multiple events occurring, given the probability of each individual event. QE done 4.5 4.0 2.6 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.1 0.3 QE target 9.5 8.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.4 . The Correlation value ranges between -1 and 1. Before you order, simply sign up for Skewness is another way to describe the distribution of a data set. $$MAD=\frac { |0.1-0.073|+|0.07-0.073|+|0.05-0.073| }{ 2 } =0.027$$ $$r = discount \quad rate$$ There are two classifications of statistical tests that you will need to know, Parametric and Non-Parametric. The t-distribution is symmetrical about its mean and has thicker tails than the normal distribution. It is different from the traditional policy of buying or selling government bonds to keep market interest rates at a specified target value. 8 Ways to Improve your Writing Skills for the CFA® Level III Exam, CFA® Level I Exam Study Plan offered by AnalystPrep, CFA® Program Course offered by AnalystPrep, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu7ZmnSlQEs, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJbRtIVGdaI, 1 means that the two variables move in sync. Over 5,700 practice questions that cover the entire CFA curriculum. $${ \sigma }_{ 0 }=Hypothesized\quad mean\quad of\quad the\quad population$$ It is also important in the first two levels of the CFA exam, representing 12% in Level 1 and 5-10% in Level 2. Similarly, a Binomial Random Variable is the number of specific outcomes in a Bernoulli situation that are independent of each other, such as the results of flipping a coin. Quantitative Easing Reality Check. $$n= sample \quad size$$. $$C\quad is\quad amount\quad of\quad each\quad payment$$. There are three primary scenarios for calculating the confidence intervals in the CFA curriculum. {} & Stocks & Bonds \\ $$\frac { 4 }{ \frac { 1 }{ 1 } +\frac { 1 }{ 2 } +\frac { 1 }{ 3 } +\frac { 1 }{ 4 } } =1.92$$. Return & 10\% & 6\% \\ For the same set of numbers, it is always the case that: Arithmetic Mean > Geometric Mean > Harmonic Mean. If the calculated P-value is lower than the level of significance, then we can reject the null hypothesis. $${ \sigma }_{ 0 }=Hypothesized\quad mean\quad of\quad the\quad population$$ "Learn the concepts of Quantitative Methods in this comprehensive course" "Be prepared for about 10% of the Level 2 exam in under 6 hours!" This approach gives a much more limited set of outcomes than the Monte Carlo, but has the benefit of being based on observed market events rather than projected simulations. $$\bar { X }=Mean$$. Quantitative easing (QE) is a form of monetary policy used by central banks as a method of quickly increasing the domestic money supply and spurring economic activity. This formula is as follows: $$MAD=\frac { \Sigma |{ X }_{ i }-\bar { X } | }{ n-1 }$$. $$PV=Present\quad Value$$ The formula for calculating a t-statistic is: $$t=\frac { x-\mu }{ \frac { S }{ \sqrt { n } } }$$ $$… The t-distribution has an important parameter known as the Degrees of Freedom. Quantitative Easing (QE) is like expansionary monetary policy on steroids. Quantitative easing. Sometimes, central banks address the problem posed by liquidity trap through a policy of quantitative easing (QE) which is an approach similar to open market operations in which the central bank buys bonds issued by government agencies. Subject 6. In December 2012, this ratio was still around 19.$$ n=term \quad of \quad annuity $$You will need to be comfortable discounting the Present Value and Future Value of cash flows for individual and ongoing payments in the exam.$$ t = number\quad of\quad years $$. Accessed July 26, 2020. To input a value, you type in the number for the value and then press the corresponding value’s button (i.e., to input 10,000 as the PV, you type in 10000, then press the “PV” button). 5. The Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean, and the formula to calculate this for a sample of data looks like this:$$ { \sigma }^{ 2 }=\frac { \Sigma { \left( { X }_{ i }-\bar { X } \right) }^{ 2 } }{ n-1 } $$A normal distribution with unknown variance:$$ CI=X\pm { t }_{ \frac { \alpha }{ 2 } }\ast \frac { S }{ \sqrt { n } } $$. Fed Would Need to Double Quantitative Easing to Keep Pace With US Debt December 2, 2020 by SchiffGold 0 0 The US government is increasingly relying on the Federal Reserve to prop up the Treasury market and absorb the trillions of dollars in bonds it’s issuing in …$$ { r }_{ f }=risk-free\quad rate\quad of\quad return $$A confidence interval is the range of values in which a statistician believes that a certain population parameter lies. The higher the Sharpe Ratio of a portfolio, the more excess return you are getting for each additional unit of risk. Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy of printing money, that is implemented by the Central Bank to energize the economy. Click here to access 40 hours of FRM video lectures. Since both P(A) and P(B) include the possibility of both events occurring, we subtract the probability of both so that it’s not double-counted. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the distribution becomes more closely gathered around the mean. January 27, 2013 Jérémie Smaga 2 Comments. A rising gold-crude ratio (MA50) is an indicator of weak global and US growth, disinflation and an upcoming Quantitative Easing.$$ V={ \left( 1+r \right) }^{ -1 } $$The kurtosis of a normal distribution has a value of 3, so the excess Kurtosis is calculated as:$$ Quantitative easing as we know it is a kind of monetary policy use by the central bank of a country to stimulate the economy when other conventional methods are not working. It is widely accepted that a sample of size of at least 30 is usually enough to make the sample representative, but that can vary depending on the skewness of the sample distribution. The joint probability of both events happening (P(AB)), is the conditional probability of A, assuming B occurs (P(A|B)), times the probability of B (P(B)). $$Geometric\quad Mean={ \left( { X }_{ 1 }\ast { X }_{ 2 }\ast \dots \ast { X }_{ n } \right) }^{ \frac { 1 }{ n } }$$  S=sample \quad standard \quad deviation $$Quantitative easing is found to have been most effective during its initial years, when the banking system was weak, and most beneficial to those banks that were more liquidity constrained.$$ X=sample\quad mean $$What is Quantitative Easing? A data set with negative skew has more values to the extreme left side of the distribution, and positive skew indicates the same occurring to the right side of the scale. This distribution is appropriate for small samples when the population variance is unknown. Whether it was called quantitative easing (QE) or something else, it all meant the same thing: increased debt — both in absolute terms and relative to GDP. The shape of the distribution is dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. We must use the absolute values because a sum of the deviations from the mean in a data set is always 0.$$ \mu =population\quad mean $$Don’t forget that the Standard Deviation is the square root of the Variance. A core tenet of statistics is using samples of data to find information about the entire population of a data set. You won’t often have to do the formulas written out by hand, but be familiar with them because the logic here applies to many other applications through this topic area. posted Jan 26, 2015, 11:33 PM by Mikin Shah AMERICA'S Federal Reserve surprised markets in December by starting to "taper" (ie, gradually reduce) its programme of monthly purchases of government and mortgage bonds—a process known as "quantitative easing", or QE—from 85 billion a month to 75 billion. Posted on 4 May 2015 by Charlie Henneman, CFA. \end{array} Another important component of hypothesis testing is the P-Value. Fed QT vs the S&P500: This next chart shows how the S&P500 has traded as the Fed began "balance sheet normalization" - if you think balance sheet normalization is not tightening then this chart should prompt some contemplation and reflection.$$ Standard\quad Deviation={ \sigma }=\sqrt { 0.00063 } =0.025 $$Type 1 error occurs when we reject a true null hypothesis and Type 2 error occurs when we fail to reject a false null hypothesis.$$ P\left( { E }_{ i }|A \right)=posterior\quad probability $$. October 14, 2019 in CFA® Program by Michael Abbe. The quantitative easing recently announced by the Bank of Japan may benefit investors who hold Japanese equities, but Ron Rimkus, CFA, sees the classic makings of … Watch the sessions on-demand. Comprehensive study notes that are based on the CFA Institute's study guide for the 2021 CFA Level I Exam. Your calculator has functions built in to make these calculations easier.$$ Skewness=\frac { \Sigma { \left( { X }_{ i }-X \right) }^{ 3 } }{ { s }^{ 3 } } \ast \frac { 1 }{ n } $$. For hypothesis testing to show whether the population correlation coefficient equals zero (absence of linear relationship between two variables), we use the t-statistic: The decision rule is to reject the null hypothesis (⍴=0)/to uphold the alternative hypothesis (⍴≠0) if t is greater than the critical value from the t-distribution table.$$ You should expect, however, to be calculating correlations, which use the following formula: $$Correlation\left( { R }_{ a },{ R }_{ b } \right) =\frac { Covariance\left( { R }_{ a },{ R }_{ b } \right) }{ StdDev\left( { R }_{ a } \right) \ast StdDev\left( { R }_{ b } \right) }$$. $$FV=PV{ \left( 1+\frac { r }{ n } \right) }^{ n\ast t }$$ PV\quad Annuity\quad Due=\frac { \left( 1-{ V }_{ n } \right) }{ d } $$It measures the risk-adjusted returns of a portfolio. Petr Krpata, CFA Downgraded forecasts and more quantitative easing are likely to be the major headlines from the Bank of England this week. Two of these methods that you need to know are Kurtosis and Skewness. 3. So, the Fed has to monetize the debt via quantitative easing. There are several concepts involving calculating probabilities you need to know. Accessed July 26, 2020. This posits that a data sample will have a mean and variance that approach the mean and variance of the population it represents as the sample size becomes sufficiently large. A common way (that will definitely appear multiple times on the exam) of analyzing the probability distribution of a data sample is to use the Student’s T-Distribution. Trusted by thousands of CFA and FRM candidates each year. During my studies I majored in a challenging application area of Computer Science called Machine Learningwhich is more widely known as Artificial Intelligence. Successful candidates report spending about 300 hours studying for each level, ranging from 303 hours for the CFA Level I exam to 328 for the CFA Level II exam and to 344 for the CFA Level III exam. The tree lists all possible outcomes for this stock, and the probability of each final outcome is the multiplied product of the probability at each step along the way. Here are the calculations that you need to know:$$ { s }=standard\quad deviation\quad of\quad the\quad sample $$Source: ING estimates . Start studying for CFA®, FRM® or actuarial exams right away! Global CFA ranking: Know where you stand at all times vs. other candidates worldwide.$$ r=rate\quad of\quad return  \begin{array} Quantitative Easing (QE) is an expansion of the Open Market Operations of the Central Bank. 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