The immediate cause of the Second Punic War was the decision by Hannibal — the main Carthaginian general at the time, and one of history’s most revered military commanders — to ignore the treaty between Carthage and Rome that “forbade” Carthage from expanding in Spain beyond the Ebro River. Write the following events onto cards, and sort them in chronologcal order, adding a date where possible: Hannibal besieges Saguntum. This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. The Romans demanded that the Carthaginians evacuate Sicily. Scipio Africanus Conquers Spain 206 BC. Less well known, are the causes of the Second Punic War. The Barcid was the main driver of the conflict between Carthage and Rome. Rome was technically an ally of Saguntum, but the Republic was not able to help it. Carthage was in a difficult situation after the defeat of the First Punic War. Hannibal laid siege to the city. (London: Routledge, 2003), p 45, Rich, John. The outcome of these wars determined the nation to dominate the Mediterranean for years to come, and the largest of the wars was the Second Punic War. His father Hamilcar, had valiantly fought the Romans in Sicily and was widely regarded as a great commander. You can read John D Clare's blog-post - The Saguntum Outrage and the Causes of the Second Punic War - here. Below is a discussion of the origins of the second great war between Carthage and Rome. [17], It is not fashionable these days to assign much importance to the role of individuals in history. There was no clear victor and the terms set by the Romans were extremely harsh. To set the scene, the First and Second Punic Wars, as well as the period between the wars, are discussed. Their city had suffered too much in the war and in its aftermath during the ‘Mercenary War’ and there was a strong pro-peace party in the city. Hannibal Barca (247-183 BCE) is one of the best-known figures from the Ancient World. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. generals of the second punic war . Extensive Use of Intelligence. In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. italy, for 17 years, and then carthage, for less than a year. This war is often simply known as Hannibal’s war. They were supported by the Barcids in Spain. The origin of the 2d Punic war; to point out to us the causes of this contestbetween Romeand Carthage, allege first thesiege of Saguntumby the Carthaginians, and,secondly, their breach of treaty by crossing the river called bythe natives the Iber. They imposed very harsh terms on Carthage as part of the peace treaty. From here, they established a trade network across the Mediterranean. why did rome win the second punic war. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. Second Punic War begins. However, he continues to explain the reasons for Hannibal’s rage, the First Punic War, which Polybius calls “the most important cause of the subsequent war” (Kagan106, 1975). Cause of conflict. The Mercenary War (240-237 BC) Carthage had to pay its mercenary soldiers after the First Punic War, even though Carthage lost the war to Rome. The Romans now reasoned that Hannibal did not want to respect past agreements and the allies of Rome. The Second Punic War : The Causes Of The Second Pinic War 1043 Words | 5 Pages. Hannibal crosses the Ebro. oHannibal refuses Roman demands. The Second Pinic War: The Causes Of The Second Punic War 938 Words | 4 Pages. This was viewed with alarm in Rome and they were troubled by the revival of the Carthaginians power. Hannibal, considered a boogeyman for the children of Rome, came into power at the young age of twenty-five in 221 BC. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. However, even without Hannibal, many historians argue that another war between the two greatest powers in the Western Mediterranean was inevitable.[20]. "Hannibal's Covenant". The Romans feared the Celts ever since. italy, for 17 years, and then carthage, for less than a year. Nevertheless, Carthage recovered from the Second Punic War relatively quickly and coins and trade goods from this period have be… Rome had been complacent about the Carthaginians and they adopted a more aggressive stance. once again after the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). If the Carthaginian Senate had been able to control the Barcid, a war between Hannibal and Rome could have been averted. Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources In 221 BCE Hasdrubal was assassinated by a local tribesman, many believe at the instigation of the Romans. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. Causes of the Second Punic War The Second Punic war “was the greatest and most dangerous one Rome was compelled to fight on their way to the conquest of the Mediterranean.” With 17 years of battle causing heavy casualties to be suffered on both sides, the Second Punic War has proven to be an important time period in the Roman and Carthaginian empires. This is the second and most important cause of the Second Punic War. who won the second punic war. Carthaginian mistake: attempt to reconquer Sardinia Hannibal's younger brother was sent to Carthago to ask for more troops. Until the decisive moment arrived, the outcome of the war hung in the balance throughout a number of battles. The Start of the Second Punic War 218 BC. New Carthage. Another was the Carthaginian faction who opposed the peace with Rome attempts to create an alliance with the Celts in the North of Italy. The story of the conflict is well known, such an event as his heroic crossing of the Alps has become legendary. He is said to have left the biggest imprint on Rome as an outsider. Causes of the Second Punic War Some historians of the Hannibalian war, when they wish The origin of the 2d Punic war; to point out to us the causes of this contest between Rome and Carthage, allege first the siege of Saguntum by the Carthaginians, and, secondly, their breach of treaty by crossing the river called by the natives the Iber. The most famous story of the beginning of the Punic War is the story quoted by Polibius, a historian of Greek origin, residing in Rome in the 2nd century BC. Hamilcar’s army was composed mainly of mercenaries, from Spain and North Africa, who were personally loyal to him. Second Punic War - Second Punic War Battles. The Third Punic War was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome, and lasted from 149 to 146 BC.The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian territory, in modern northern Tunisia.When the Second Punic War ended in 201 BC, one of the terms of the peace treaty prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's permission. Task. Their actions and decisions coordinated with each other to lead to only one end, war. Second Punic War Cause Hannibal wanted to avenge his father's failures so he took eflephants and a massive army and marched to the Romans over the Alps. During Hannibal's assault on Saguntum he suffered heavy losses as he attempted to storm the city’s fortifications and because of the ferocity of the defending Saguntines [9]. Furthermore, the wealth of the city tempted him as he needed to pay his men who were all mercenaries. o CAUSES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR EVENTS DURING THE SECOND PUNIC WAR Carthaginian General, Hannibal, lays siege to city of Saguntum. hannibal and scipio. In order to determine who is truthfully to blame for the Second Punic War, each of the causes by both sides must be explored in depth. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. The Second Punic War §6: War in Spain §7: Debate about Scipio's invasion of Africa §8: Scipio's bodyguard §9: Carthaginian countermeasures §10: Hasdrubal, Syphax, Massinissa, and Sophonisba §11: Massinissa prepares for war §12: Massinissa's war against Syphax and Carthage. what was the cause of the second punic war. Still, a lot was happening in the Carthage backyard, i.e. generals of the second punic war. The Second Pinic War: The Causes Of The Second Punic War 938 Words | 4 Pages. revenge. Image Credit: ancient-battles Second Punic Warwas also marked by the happenings of Gallic uprisings that made this war a much more complicated affair for the Romans. Get the answers you need, now! This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. This was originally a Greek city but later was composed of a mixed population of Greeks, Romans, and Iberians. Rome demanded that Carthage hand over child hostages and demanded all of Carthage's technology. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. He faced a coalition of rebellious Spanish tribes but Hannibal defeated them at the Battle of the River Tagus.[4]. Livy describes the war by saying, “No states, no nations ever met in arms greater in strength or richer in resources” (21.1-2). Explain the causes of the Second Punic War a. Sardinia, 237bc. These were the main reasons for the Punic Wars. The inability of the Carthaginian Senate to impose their will on Hannibal was also critical. Hannibal crosses the Ebro. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa.The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifted commanders in history, but the Romans … This war was fought under the command of Hannibal who fought for Carthage while Romans fought under various generals. Many saw the siege and the destruction of the city as an unofficial declaration of war. The rise of Rome in the Third Century led to their interference in Sicily. Hannibal was determined to avenge the death and defeat of his people in the First Punic War. They first established colonies and later developed a maritime Empire. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241–218 bce) The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. The war on Saguntum was seen by Polybius to be just the first incident in the war. This allowed Hannibal to consolidate his position in Spain. The government of Carthage was divided over their support for Hannibal in Spain and they were not really in favor of another war with Rome. 73 (1): 1–23, How did the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possible, Top 10 Books on the origins of the Italian Renaissance. This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. The Hannibal inspired attempts by the Carthaginians to engineer a Celtic or a Celtic-Carthaginian invasion placed Rome on a war-footing. He is generally considered one of the greatest generals in history and Rome’s most formidable enemy. The causes of the war were a result of both Roman and Carthaginian actions. Hannibal sought to consolidate the power of the Carthaginians in Iberia and he stormed several important fortresses. revenge. On the other hand, Carthage felt as though they were being undermined by the Romans and took a much more aggressive stand. They were great traders and farmers, and soon they had created a great city, and they dominated large tracts of the coast of Northern Africa. . However, there was a faction in Carthage that was determined to renew the war with Spain. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidiankingdoms were drawn into the f… However, despite the elite Carthaginians' opposition to the war, under the leadership of Hanno the Great, they were unable to restrain Hannibal.[15]. Hamilcar drowned while crossing a river during a battle and his command was given to his son-in-law the Fair. [13] It was in a real sense the personal war of Hannibal. b. Like the American’s Manifest Destiny in the 1800’s, Rome wanted to unite the world in its civilization, which they believed was the most culture-rich of all the nations. Click on picture to enlarge . [5] They were based in the Po Valley and had a formidable army and they had once even sacked Rome. [12] Hannibal also obtained war-elephants. As stated, Roman Imperialism was … Causes of the Second Punic War 1722 Words | 7 Pages. After many attacks, his troops stormed and destroyed the city's defenses by attacking them one at a time. First Punic War (264–241 bce) The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241–218 bce) Second Punic War (218–201 bce) Campaigns in Sicily and Spain; The war in Africa; Third Punic War … There Hamilcar ‘commanded the young Hannibal to lay his hand on the body of the sacrificial victim and to swear that he would never be a friend to Rome. If one was to select the most crucial factor that led to the war it was the burning hatred of the great Carthaginian for Rome. Hannibal besieged the town under the pretext that the Sagunto attacked one of the tribes, which were under Carthage authority. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Task. Carthage had been found in the 8th century BC by Phoenicians on the coast of North Africa. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. Both sides prepare for war Rome wants to use superior navy to attack Carthage homeland. He had lost his power over Mediterranean Sea; losing Sicily and the compensation imposed on him by Rome greatly affected his economy. The Second Punic War was often known as Hannibal’s War in Rome.It was in a real sense the personal war of Hannibal. Carthage had lost the First Punic War (264-241 BCE) and control of Sicily, then again it had been defeated in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) and so lost its Spanish empire, its fleet, and independence of military action. He was even able to drag it into another war with Rome despite opposition from Carthaginian citizens. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. Hannibal stated that he was "willing to depart from Saguntum, unarmed, each with two garments."[10]. There were many potential causes of the Second Punic War, but the harsh result of the First Punic War was the most influential factor in the start of the Second Punic War. Once in Spain is father brought him to an altar. This had aroused resentment among many Punic citizens, and Carthage had no hope of resisting Rome at their weakened condition. He cleverly entered into alliances with some of the local tribes and exploited the internal divisions of others. Indeed, the Barcid led the city-state into a war that they did not want. The capture of Saguntum was essential to Hannibal's plan. This faction briefly won a majority in the Carthaginian Senate or Assembly and entered into a secret agreement with the Celts in Northern Italy. They contested the control of Sicily with the Greeks. The war lasted for a whole 17 years … These causes being identified more so with anger of Hamilcar Barca and the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Sardinia. [11] The Romans had allowed Hannibal to become too strong in Spain and now he was able to use it as a base. The Third Punic War was entirely avoidable was caused by Rome taking advantage of Carthage while they were weak. Hannibal could use his massive wealth from his Iberian conquests to bribe many Carthaginians politicians to support his anti-Roman policies. Causes of the War. (1952). Polybius outlines three clear causes of the Second Punic war. The personality of Hannibal, his genius, and his hatred of the Romans was crucial in the outbreak of the war. American Journal of Philology. The main reasons for the Second or Hannibalic War were the ambition and pride of prominent military generals and a poorly configured political agreement. The Senate or Assembly was controlled by a party that wanted peaceful co-existence with Rome and distrusted Hannibal. We have other ancient writers who did not accept his reasoning of the matter such as Cicero who wrote “The siege of Saguntum was the cause of the second Punic war, which Hannibal carried on against our ancestors”. Most of the leadership in Cartha… As part of the peace treaty that ended the First Punic War, Carthage could not intervene in the affairs of Italy. hannibal and scipio. The government of Carthage was divided over their support for Hannibal in Spain and they were not really in favor of another war with Rome. B. C. 334. Although Rome’s actions were not directly offensive, they set up a path for Carthaginians with very few options. This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. This page was last edited on 27 April 2020, at 03:18. Second Punic War Effect So the Second Punic War, largest conflict on antiquity, is mainly known by epic battles like Cannae or Zama and great leaders – Hannibal Barca and Scipio Africanus. Roman envoys go to Carthage and declare war. Even though the main cause of the second war was the war on Saguntum you must go back all the way to the ending of the First War. [14], Most of the leadership in Carthage was opposed to another war with Rome and tried to block Hannibal’s strategy. With Hannibal, these Gallic tribes obtained the control of Placent… The reluctant government assembled 12,000 foot, 1500 horse and 20 elephants that should be moved under the protection of 60 warships to Italy. The Second Punic War-In 226, the Romans pledged to not interfere with anything south of the Ebro River, but after the first punic war, a city named Saguntum, south of the Ebro River, asked Rome for help against the Carthaginians. However, the actions they took drove both nations towards a second war. His account of the Punic Wars is fortunately among these better preserved parts. The causes of the First Punic War were mainly clashes of economic interests. That's the most honest answer I can give. This invitation led to tensions with the Carthaginians and ultimately led to the outbreak of the First Punic War. What were the causes of the Northern Renaissance? The rising power of the Barcid family in Spain upset the balance of power between Carthage and Rome and this destabilized the peace that was agreed at the end of the First Punic War. The fault for the beginning of the Second Punic War can not be placed on a single nation. In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. or in other words, why did it start? Although Rome’s actions were not directly offensive, they set up a path for Carthaginians with very few options. or in other words, why did it start? Hannibal's dynasty power and politics in the western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC. Hamilcar was a brilliant leader and strategist and he soon began to conquer extensive territories in Spain. Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) almost inflicted a total defeat on the Roman Republic. Garland, Robert. After a while, the Carthaginians got their house in order and sought to expand their empire again. Hannibal regarded Saguntum as key to his position in Spain. He was accompanied by his Hannibal who was only nine years old. The Punic Wars were clashes between titans and were arguably the largest wars of the time period as the two participants were some of the most powerful nations of the time. "[19] Hannibal was bound by this oath and he never wavered from it and he became the Republic’s greatest enemy. Hannibal not only devastated Rome in their military interactions but thrust away Rome’s pride in itself. The Second Punic War: Causes. During the Punic War era, the extent of Roman Imperialism was founded on the basis of making the world as one. Second Punic War where Hannibal is the primary Carthaginian commander throughout, whereas the Romans had more than a dozen commanders. First, as other ancient authors, Polybius points to Hannibal’s oath and longstanding grudge against the Romans. where was the second punic war fought. [1] This was a brutal war, and both sides inflicted severe defeats on each other. You can read John D Clare's blog-post - The Saguntum Outrage and the Causes of the Second Punic War - here. Hannibal destroys the Roman army at Cannae in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome. The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifted commanders in history, but the Romans had their own great general Scipio Africanus, an… After immense material and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. The fault for the beginning of the Second Punic War can not be placed on a single nation. The North Africans had a small foothold in Spain and Hamilcar organized an expedition to the area. Hannibal (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010), p. 45, Hoyos, Dexter. Rome wanted to protect themselves from the threat of Hannibal’s Carthaginian army. Rome eventually built a fleet, and after initial defeats, they conquered and smashed the Punic navy and won a total victory. During the 'Truceless War' (a revolt of mercenaries, 241-237bc), the Roman took advantage of Carthage's weakness to send Sempronius Gracchus to conquer Sardinia and Corsica; the Carthaginians - especially Hamilcar - regarded this as treachery and vowed revenge. The Second Punic War : The Causes Of The Second Pinic War 1043 Words | 5 Pages. Battle of Cannae 216 BC. Ancient historiography could not clearly determine on whose side was responsible for the Punic wars, or what was the direct reason for the outbreak of the conflict. However, for such a large and horrendous war, the question of who was the driving force is still asked. They became embroiled in a war in Illyria [7]. The war between Hannibal and Rome was one of the most decisive in history. The adopted a strategy to contain Hannibal in Spain. After he set out from Spain he crossed the Alps and advanced into Italy where he soon won a series of remarkable victories at the battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and the Battle of Cannae. South of the river Ebro, Sagunto was only sea town (it was Hellenized Iberian city), which did not obeyed to Carthaginians, but it entered into an alliance with Rome. The treaty that Rome made with Carthage was complicated, and had numerous political results. In fact, it would not be an overstatement to say that the Carthaginians were the favorites to win the war from the beginning, only to falter in the later and more decisive stages. In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and … Bit by bit the 2nd Punic war became a world war. The army acclaimed Hannibal and he became its commander at the age of 26. [6], The Romans had begun to focus more on Spain but after the assassination of Hasdrubal, they became distracted by events elsewhere. One must consider the reasons for tensions being high enough to cause a second war so soon after the first had ended. The 2nd Punic War was one of the three epic battles fought between Carthaginians and the Romans from 218 BC to 201 BC. Thus, fault can be found on both sides. The Carthaginians had a large navy and were the dominant maritime power in the western Mediterranean. B. C. 334. Polybius tells us that the real reason that there was a renewal of activates between Carthage and Rome boiled down to these three factors. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to examine the causes of the Second Punic War as given by two prominent ancient historians, Polybius and Livy, the key sources for the modern reader studying the conflict. As the second in the series of three wars between the two nations, the Hannibalic War was a war of great struggle that filled all of Rome with fear for their lives and for losing all they had established. These were the … The Second Punic War is known as Hannibal’s War or against Hannibal. He wanted to restore the Carthaginian Empire and to make it strong again so that it could defend itself against Roman aggression. Roman envoys visit Hannibal . Scipio defeated the remaining Carthaginian forces in Spain, which placed Spain under Roman control. [16] They were populists who could sway public opinion and put pressure on the pro-peace faction to support Hannibal. The Second Punic War-In 226, the Romans pledged to not interfere with anything south of the Ebro River, but after the first punic war, a city named Saguntum, south of the Ebro River, … Third Punic War Cause Even after the huge defeats of the first two wars Carthage was still going strong. Rome was now very much afraid of a Celtic-Carthaginian alliance and attacked Cisalpine Gaul (Southern France) to deny the Carthaginians an opportunity to attack the Republic. The Second Punic War or the Hannibalic War lasted sixteen years from 218 BC to 202 BC and was fought between the two major powers of Rome and Carthage. When the inhabitants rejected the offer Hannibal had every adult put to death and enslaved the children. How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation? where was the second punic war fought. Both nations took decisive actions that forced them towards the war. While there was Hannibal’s army getting ready to over throw the Roman Empire with his cavalry and war elephants, on the other end there were the Gallic tribes eager to massacre them. Some historians of the Hannibalian war, when they wish. The first was the bitterness and anger of Hamilcar Barca at the end of the First Punic War when he was forced to surrender … Rome did not want to just go in and defeat a nation they had just defeated. Polybius gives us three events that led to the Second Punic War, and none of these events actually involved Hannibal himself. It seemed that the Barca’s first Hamilcar, then Hasdrubal and finally Hannibal supported a faction in Carthage that wanted a war of ‘national revenge’. Rome forced Carthage to pay for damages after the war, so Carthage had very little left to pay the mercenaries. A story is told of how Hannibal became the life-long enemy of Rome. Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The city was a very prosperous trade center and it was strongly fortified. rome's ability to adapt to war and their numbers. 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